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Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 8016 (2023) Cite this article

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In this work, D-(–)-α-phenylglycine (APG)-functionalized magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG) was designed and successfully prepared in order to implement the principles of green chemistry for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives under ultrasonic irradiation in EtOH. After preparing of the nanocatalyst, its structure was confirmed by different spectroscopic methods or techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The performance of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Hantzsch condensation, was examined under ultrasonic irradiation and various conditions. The yield of products was controlled under various conditions to reach more than 84% in just 10 min, which indicates the high performance of the nanocatalyst along with the synergistic effect of ultrasonic irradiation. The structure of the products was identified by melting point as well as FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. The Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst is easily prepared from commercially available, lower toxic and thermally stable precursors through a cost-effective, highly efficient and environmentally friendly procedure. The advantages of this method include simplicity of the operation, reaction under mild conditions, the use of an environmentally benign irradiation source, obtaining pure products with high efficiency in short reaction times without using a tedious path, which all of them address important green chemistry principles. Finally, a reasonable mechanism is proposed for the preparation of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG bifunctional magnetic nanocatalyst.

Recently, due to valuable advantages of the heterogeneous catalysts and the compatibility and conformity to green chemistry (GC) principles1,2,3,4,5,6, they have attracted the scientists’ attention for various organic transformations. One of the main factors in the reusability of these catalytic systems is their recyclability, which can be significantly improved by using magnetic materials such as Fe3O4, CuFe2O4, NiFe2O4 or similar compounds in the catalyst structure5,7. Indeed, magnetic materials lead to the easy and almost complete recovery of the corresponding heterogeneous catalytic systems8,9,10,11,12,13. However, to overcome the instability of magnetic Fe3O4 under environmental conditions and tendency to oxidation, silica is commonly utilized as a protective shell for the coating of the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to afford Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell nanostructures 14,15,16,17,18. The obtained Fe3O4@SiO2 nanomaterial has several merits including prevention from agglomeration of Fe3O4 MNPs, increasing the catalyst activity via modification of silanol functional groups, high porosity of silica shell, nature benign, and cost-effectivity19,20. In recent years, various magnetic heterogeneous nanocomposites have been systematically investigated and reported, which are applied in different catalytic reactions 21,22,23,24,25,26,27. Furthermore, a variety of bio-based heterogeneous catalytic systems for application in different organic transformations have been reported as well16,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40. Therefore, designing of new and efficient magnetic heterogeneous catalytic system based on naturally occurring materials including α-amino acids would be desirable.

Indeed, α-amino acids are one the most important groups of natural compounds that are vital for the synthesis of proteins in living cells. Several advantages of these compounds including bifunctionality, the presence of both NH2 and COOH groups simultaneously with proper geometry, optical activity (except glycine)41, natural abundance and cost-effectivity as well as ability for targeted modifications make them proper candidates for designing nontoxic and bio-based heterogeneous catalytic systems42. The prepared amino acid containing nanomaterials have been employed in different fields of chemical science including catalysts for organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals and food additives, medical industries, ionic liquids, CO2 sorbent, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and stabilizing of the selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) used in cancer treatment 43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52. These characteristics and wide applications of amino acids encouraged our research team to use D-(–)-α-phenylglycine (APG) in the structure of novel nanomagnetic composite, which has promoted the synthesis of important N-containing six-membered heterocyclic rings.

Heterocycles belong to the largest and most diverse groups of organic compounds, which have found different chemical, medicinal, biomedical and industrial applications 53,54,55,56,57. One of the essential scaffolds of natural compounds such as vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, alkaloids and herbicides, numerous natural and synthetic biologically active drugs, agrochemicals and antivirals is heterocycles 53,58,59. Among different methods for the preparation of these bioactive compounds, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) strategy is one of the best pathways 60,61,62,63,64. MCRs have different advantages including formation of several chemical bonds during the reaction and synthesis of desired products in high efficiency, excellent selectivity, high atom economy in short reaction times and without the need for isolation or purification of the intermediates. As a result, there is no place for the formation of by-products and wastes in high quantities during such organic transformations. Accordingly, MCRs completely conform themselves to the GC principles 65,66,67,68,69,70.

1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) and polyhydroquinolines (PHQs) are two useful products of the Hanztsch multicomponent reaction, which was introduced by Arthur Hanztsch in 1881. These compounds have attracted scientists’ attention and have found many applications in different areas of the medicinal chemistry including cardiovascular, antiviral, antitumor, antimalarial, antibacterial and anticancer compounds (Fig. 1) 71,72,73. Several methods and procedures have been developed for the synthesis of these important compounds including microwave irradiation74, solar thermochemical reactions75, and the use of various catalytic systems such as molecular iodine76, L-proline77, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles78, ZnO nanoparticles79, polymers80 and HY-zeolite81. In spite of their merits, some of these methods suffer from disadvantages such as long reaction times, low yields, harsh conditions, high cost, the use of hazardous catalysts, toxic and volatile solvents, tedious workup, etc. Therefore, there is still room to design clean and green methodologies based on GC principles, especially by the use of heterogeneous catalytic systems as well as simultaneous use of with new energy inputs for chemical reactions including ultrasound82,83 and microwave irradiation84,85,86,87. In continuation of our ongoing researches in the field of application of heterogeneous multifunctional catalytic systems4,17,18,28,29,69,70,88,89,90,91,92,93 and ultrasound or microwave irradiation for different organic transformations94,95,96,97,98, we wish herein to report a new magnetic nanocomposite for the synthesis of bioactive Hanztsh 1,4-DHP and PHQ derivatives. The Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst was fabricated by preparing of the Fe3O4 central core, which was then coated by a SiO2 layer followed by introducing the D-(–)-α-phenylglycine, as a bifunctional organocatalyst moiety, through 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTES) linker. The as-prepared Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomagnetic catalytic system was examined properly in the synthesis of a wide range of PHQ 6 and 1,4-DHP 7 derivatives under ultrasonic or microwave irradiation in EtOH through MCR strategy (Fig. 2).

Some of the commercial biologically active 1,4-DHP derivatives.

Synthesis of PHQ 6 and 1,4-DHP 7 derivatives catalyzed by the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomagnetic catalyst (1).

Different spectroscopic, microscopic and analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the structure of core–shell magnetic nanocatalyst functionalized with D-(–)-α-phenylglycine (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG, 1). The structure of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS@APG has been illustrated in (Fig. 1S, Electronic Supplementary Information).

The FTIR spectra of as-prepared Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1) and its components containing inorganic and organic moieties have been shown in (Fig. 3). The band at 572 cm−1 in the spectrum of Fe3O4 (blue) is ascribed to the stretching vibration of Fe‒O‒Fe bonds, which is the representative of Fe3O4 nanoparticles structure. The absorbance bands at 1558 cm−1 and 3394 cm−1 are related to the bending and stretching vibrations of the OH groups on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, respectively. In the spectrum of Fe3O4@SiO2 (red), the absorption band at 440 cm−1 is associated to the bending vibration of the Si‒O‒Si functional groups, whereas the vibration peak at 800 cm−1 is related to the symmetric stretching vibration of the Si‒O‒Si groups. On the other hand, the asymmetric stretching absorption of the Si‒O‒Si groups appears at 1085 cm−1. These observations indicated successful fixation of the silica onto the surface of magnetite. After coating of the magnetic core by using silica, the introduction of linker can be deduced in the spectrum of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS (green) form the strong absorption band at 588 cm−1, which showes the stretching vibration of the C‒Cl bond. The signal observed at 1070 cm−1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of the C‒O bond that has an overlap with the Si‒O‒Si asymmetric stretching vibrations. Finally, the spectrum of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG catalyst (yellow) shows that the catalyst has been functionalized with (D)-(–)-α-aminophenylacetic acid. Indeed, the stretching vibrations of the C‒H and C‒N are appeared at 2877 and 1382 cm−1, Furthermore, the absorption bands centered at 3490 and 1639 cm−1 are attributed to the acidic OH and carbonyl groups, respectively, which all confirm the structure of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1).

FTIR spectra of Fe3O4 (blue), Fe3O4@SiO2 (red), Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTS (green), Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG (1, yellow).

The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was also used to determine the composition of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1). The results are shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, the catalyst contains C, N, O, Si and Fe elements. Moreover, the absence of the chlorine atom and the presence of the nitrogen atom indicate that the amino acid has been grafted covalently onto the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS magnetic core/shell nanoparticles and hence been stabilized.

EDS of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG catalyst (1).

In order to investigate the structure, morphological properties, and size of nanoparticles, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique was employed. The FESEM images of the as-prepared nanocatalyst 1 are shown in (Fig. 5). The obtained images confirm the spherical morphology with non-smooth surface and proper-dispersion of the nanoparticles. Since the highly active areas of the catalyst are readily available, the surface area and the activity of nanocatalyst 1 were increased dramatically. According to Fig. 5f, it is clear that nanoparticles have a specific pattern and their average particle size is less than 80 nm.

FESEM images of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1).

The magnetic properties of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG were determined by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) technique at room temperature (Fig. 6). As can be seen, the magnetic values for Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, and Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG are 75, 70, and 58 amu.g−1, respectively. The reduction in magnetic properties for Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG compared to the bare Fe3O4, confirms formation of a thin layer of silica, surface modification with propylene trialkoxysilane, and introduction of the D-(–)-α-phenylglycine in the last stage.

Magnetization curves of the Fe3O4 (red), Fe3O4@SiO2 (blue) and Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG MNPs (1, green).

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanoparticles 1 is shown in (Fig. 7). The structure of the as-prepared catalyst is fully compatible with the standard patterns of Fe3O4 (card. No JCPDS, 01-088-0315), Fe3O4@SiO2 (card. No JCPDS, 01–082-1572) and D-(–)-α-phenylglycine (card. No JCPDS, 00-013-0988). The diffraction signals (2θ) at 25, 28, and 31° correspond to the D-(–)-α-phenylglycine, which confirms its stabilization onto the surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles.

XRD Pattern of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst (1).

In order to investigate the thermal stability of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG hybrid organosilica nanocatalyst (1), its thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed under N2 atmosphere at the range of 50 to 1000 °C. The total weight loss of the nanocatalyst was about 14% (Fig. 8). As can be seen, by a gradual increase in the temperature to 95 °C, a slight increase in the weight of the nanocatalyst was observed, which may be due to the absorption of moisture by its hygroscopic surface. The first weight loss started at 100 °C is related to the removal of water or residual organic solvents in the nanocatalyst. At higher temperatures at about 250 – 450 °C as well as 450 – 600 °C, the pure organic component and the organosilica coating are decomposed, respectively. Finally, after 600 °C, a gradual decrease in weight is observed, which is related to dehydration of both SiO2 and magnetic components.

TGA curve of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1).

In order to optimize the Hantzsch reaction conditions for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives (PHQs) in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1), the one-pot four-component reaction of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde (2a), ammonium acetate (3), ethyl acetoacetate (4), dimedone (5) was selected as a modelreaction. Thus, to improve the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives and choose the best reaction conditions, a systematic study was accomplished by considering different parameters and variants including solvents and catalyst loading as well as ultrasonic (US) or microwave (MW) irradiation and classical heating energy inputs, and reaction time. The results of this part of our study are summarized in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the model reaction in the absence of the catalyst 1 afforded no significant yield (entry 1). However, in the presence of the catalyst 1 and in various organic solvents, the desired product ethyl 4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (6a) was formed in higher yields (entries 2–6). Indeed, the best result was observed in EtOH 96% as a protic polar solvent (Table 1, entry 2).

After finding of the appropriate solvent, screening of different ultrasonic or microwave irradiation powers was investigated. Generally, higher yields of the desired product 6a were obtained under ultrasonic or microwave irradiation compared to the classical heating. Furthermore, it was observed that by increasing the ultrasonic irradiation power from 80 to 85 W the yield is increased and the reaction time is decreased (Table 1, entries 7 and 8). However, with an increase in ultrasonic irradiation power from 85 to 90 W, the yield and the reaction time remained constant (Table 1, entry 9). These results indicated that 85 W for ultrasonic irradiation is the optimal irradiation power. Finally, the best result was observed by using the effective amount of the catalyst 1 (10.0 mg) and increasing the reaction time to 20 min (Table 1, entry 14). In general, the best conditions for the synthesis of 6a was using 10.0 mg of catalyst in the EtOH, as a green solvent, for 20 min under 85 W ultrasonic irradiation power (Table 1, entry 14).

After optimizing of the reaction conditions, several PHQs 6a-j were synthesized under optimal conditions, and the results are summarized in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, substituted aldehydes containing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups survived under optimized reaction conditions to afford high to excellent yields of their desired products.

By considering the obtained satisfactory results in the synthesis of PHQs 6a-j, the use of nanomagnetic catalyst 1 for the synthesis of 1,4-DHPs was investigated under the optimized conditions. In this part of our study, the reaction of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (2b), ammonium acetate (3), ethyl acetoacetate (4) promoted by the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomaterial (1) was investigated, as the model reaction, for the synthesis of desired product 7a. The results are summarized in Table 3. The best result was obtained by using 10.0 mg of the catalyst 1 in EtOH under ultrasonic irradiation (Table 3, entry 6). Accordingly, several 1,4-DHPs were synthesized and the obtained results are summarized in Table 4.

According to the obtained results and based on the bifunctional structure of the catalyst 1 that contains both acidic and basic sites on the MNPs as well as literature survey4,16,31,70,110,111,112,113,114, a rational mechanism for the formation of polyhydroquinoline 6 or 1,4-dihydropyridine 7 derivatives in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst has been proposed through the Hantzch MCR (Fig. 9). Accordingly, these compounds can be synthesized through two different routes A or B and in several steps. Based on route A, the acidic and basic sites of the catalyst 1 activates dimedone 5 to increase its enol form concentration for subsequent reacting with the activated carbonyl functional group of aldehydes 2 to afford intermediate (I) via Knoevenagel condensation. On the other side of the catalytic cycle, the reaction between the enol form of β-ketoester 4 activated by the nanocatalyst 1 with NH4OAc (3) produces enamine (II). Subsequently, the bifunctional catalyst 1 activates both intermediates (I) and (II) to participate in the catalyzed Michael addition followed by cyclization for the synthesis of final polyhydroquinoline 6 or 1,4-dihydropyridine 7 derivatives. Indeed, route B is generally similar to route A. However, it differs from route A by considering the sequence of reacting of the used 1,3-dicarbonyl 4 or 5 with the activated carbonyl functional group of aldehydes 2 or NH4OAc (3), which produce intermediates (IV) and (III), respectively. Finally, Michael addition of intermediates (III) and (IV) followed by cyclization both promoted by the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG to afford polyhydroquinoline 6 or 1,4-dihydropyridine 7 derivatives.

Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline 6 or 1,4-dihydropyridine 7 derivatives catalyzed by the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG MNPs (1).

To compare the performance and activity of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG NPs (1) with other previously reported catalysts, several products among the PHQs 6 and 1,4-DHPs 7 were selected and the obtained results were evaluated with other previous methods. The results have been summarized in Table 5. As can be implied from Table 5, the as-prepared nanocomposite 1 shows the better results in terms of catalyst loading, obtained yields and reaction time than other catalysts listed in the Table. In summary, the simultaneous use of the nanocatalyst 1 and ultrasonic irradiation demonstrates several advantages including excellent yields, high selectivity, short reaction time, and mild reaction conditions.

The recovery of heterogeneous catalysts in the chemical reactions is one of the most important factors in their evaluation and the application in the industrial sectors as well. To investigate the reusability of the catalyst, it was separated from the reaction mixture and washed with EtOH 96% after each run. Then, the recycled catalyst was dried in an oven at 70 °C for 2 h. The recovered nanocomposite (1) was reused for subsequent experiments up to five times under the same reaction conditions. The reusability of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG NPs (1) was examined in the synthesis of products 6b and 7a under optimized reaction conditions. It is generally accepted that there are three fundamental reasons for catalyst deactivation, i.e. poisoning, coking, or fouling and ageing120. In the case of our catalyst, a combination of these phenomena may be considered as the main reasons for decreasing of the catalytic activity. According to the obtained results in Fig. 10, it can be concluded that this heterogeneous catalyst can be used at least six times without significant loss in its catalytic activity.

Reusability of the Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG MNPs (1) in the synthesis of 6b (red) and 7a (blue) under optimized conditions.

All the chemicals and solvents were purchased from Merck and used without further purification, except for benzaldehyde and furfural, which were used as fresh distilled samples. The progress of reactions, as well as the purity of products, were checked using F254 silica-gel pre-coated TLC plates with n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) as eluent. The melting points were determined on a Buchi melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. FTIR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer FTIR spectrophotometer using KBr pellets in the range of 399–4490 cm−1. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 MHz for samples in CDCl3, as the solvent, at ambient temperature. Ultrasonication was performed in a BANDELIN ultrasonic HD 3200 instrument with probe model US 70/T with a diameter of 6 mm that was immersed directly into the reaction mixture. A National microwave oven, model no. NN-K571MF (1000 W), was used for microwave-assisted reactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on an MIRA3 TESCAN instrument operated at 30 kV accelerating voltage. Magnetization measurements were carried out on a BHV-55 vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was recorded utilizing a Bahr company STA 504 instrument. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was accomplished by a FESEM-SIGM (German) instrument.

FeCl3.6H2O (4.82 g) and FeCl2.4H2O (2.25 g) were dissolved in 40 ml deionized water at 80 °C for 20 min under nitrogen atmosphere and vigorous stirring. Then, aqueous NH3 (25%, 10 ml) was added into the solution and stirred vigorously at 70 °C for 1 h. The color of the bulk solution turned from orange to black immediately. Then, the precipitated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were separated from the mixture using an external magnet, washed several times with deionized water and EtOH 96% until reaching to the neutral pH, and left to dry in the air for 4 h. Afterward, Fe3O4 NPs (1.0 g) was dispersed EtOH (96%, 40 ml) and deionized water (15 ml) by ultrasonic irradiation in a bath for 20 min. After that, TEOS (1.2 ml) was added to the mixture and sonicated for 15 min. Finally, aqueous ammonia (25%, 1.2 ml) was added gradually under mechanical stirring at 30 °C. After 12 h, the silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles were filtered, washed several times with EtOH 96% and distilled water, and dried at 50 °C for 6 h (Fig. 1S, Electronic Supplementary Information).

Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles (1.0 g) were suspended in toluene (40 ml) using sonication. Then, they were functionalized by using chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTS, 1.0 ml) followed by reflux for 24 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The obtained precipitated solid was collected and washed several times with EtOH 96% and finally dried at 80 °C to afford desired Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTS NPs (Fig. 1S, Electronic Supplementary Information).

Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTS Powder (1.0 g) was suspended in EtOH (96%, 40 ml). Then, D-(−)-α-phenylglycine (1.0 g) was added into the mixture and refluxed at 70 °C for 24 h. The produced solid was separated using a magnet and washed several times with EtOH 96%. Finally, the obtained sample was dried under vacuum at 80 °C for 24 h to afford Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG NPs (1) (Fig. 1S, Electronic Supplementary Information).

A mixture of aldehyde derivatives (2, 1.0 mmol), ammonium acetate (3, 1.0 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (4, 1.0 mmol), dimedone (5, 1.0 mmol), the catalyst (1, 10.0 mg) and EtOH (96%, 5.0 ml) were charged into a round-bottom flask and the obtained mixture was irradiated by an ultrasonic probe under mentioned conditions in Table 2. The formation of the products 6 was monitored by TLC. In order to synthesis of 1,4-DHP derivatives 7, the catalyst (1, 10.0 mg), aldehyde derivatives (2, 1.0 mmol), ammonium acetate (3, 1.0 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (4, 2.0 mmol) and EtOH (96%, 2.0 ml) were added into a round-bottom flask and then irradiated by using an ultrasonic probe under mentioned conditions in Table 4. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of the Hantzsch reaction in each case, the catalyst was removed by an external magnet after adding EtOH 96% for complete dissolution of the products under heating. Then, the pure products 6 or 7 were obtained by recrystallization of the crude reaction mixture from EtOH H2O. The chemical structure of the known compounds was confirmed by comparing their melting points, FTIR, and 1H NMR spectra (Figs. 10S–21S, Electronic Supplementary Information) with the reported data in the literature. The physical and spectral information of compounds 6a and 7a are given in Table 6.

In this work, we have developed a robust and efficient bifunctional organocatalyst immobilized on the surface of modified silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG) NPs. The Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanomagnetic catalyst was employed successfully for the synthesis of different polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives through the Hantzsch multicomponent reaction in EtOH as a green solvent. Various energy sources were used for the synthesis of Hantzsch ester derivatives, among which ultrasonic demonstrated the best efficiency. Indeed, ultrasonic irradiation demonstrating a synergistic effect with Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst accelerate the reaction rate. This new protocol has significant advantages compared to other commonly used methods including avoiding the use of harmful solvents, high efficiency, short reaction times, environmentally friendly, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, the prepared heterogeneous nanocatalyst demonstrates good recycling capability and it was easily recycled and reused at least five times without significant loss in its catalytic activity. Accordingly, the principles of GC were covered by the use of a recyclable catalyst, green solvent, and efficient energy source, all of which are environmentally benign.

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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We are grateful for the partial financial support from The Research Council of Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran (Grant No 160/22061 for their support. We would also like to acknowledge the support of The Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council (INIC), Iran.

Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran

Peyman Shakib, Mohammad G. Dekamin, Ehsan Valiey, Shahriar Karami & Mohammad Dohendou

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(1) P.Sh. worked on the topic, as his MSc thesis, and prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. (2) Prof. M.G.D. is the supervisor of Mr. P.Sh., Mr. E.V., Mr. Sh.K. and Mr. M.D. as his MSc. and Ph.D. students. Also, he edited and revised the manuscript completely. (3) E.V. worked closely with P.Sh. for doing experiments, interpreting of the characterization and preparation of the initial draft of the manuscript. (4) Sh.K. worked closely with P.Sh. for doing experiments and drawing of graphs of the initial draft of manuscript. (5) M.D. worked closely with P.Sh. for interpreting of the characterization data and drawing of graphs during manuscript revision.

Correspondence to Mohammad G. Dekamin.

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Shakib, P., Dekamin, M.G., Valiey, E. et al. Ultrasound-Promoted preparation and application of novel bifunctional core/shell Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG as a robust catalyst in the expeditious synthesis of Hantzsch esters. Sci Rep 13, 8016 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33990-7

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Received: 27 September 2022

Accepted: 21 April 2023

Published: 17 May 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33990-7

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